Magnet structure

ABSTRACT

A magnet structure produces a field within a magnet gap. The field is provided at least in part by a pair of permanent magnets that are fixed in place by a frame. The frame fixes a magnet assembly that is adapted to hold the magnetic material composing the permanent magnets, such that the quantity of the magnetic material can be adjusted to suit the particular application. The magnetic material can be provided in the form of discrete magnetic elements, such as magnetic “bricks”. The frame also functions as the flux collector and return. Accordingly, the general geometry of the magnet structure is fixed, and the amount of magnetic material, and therefore the magnetic field strength, is adjustable.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/834,771,which was filed on Apr. 29, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,116,197 which inturn was a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/998,907,which was filed on Nov. 23, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,620 which inturn was based on U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/252,422, filed on Nov. 22, 2000, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to magnet structures. In particular, thepresent invention relates to structures of magnets to be used fornuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) is utilized for scanning andimaging biological tissue as a diagnostic aid, and is one of the mostversatile and fastest growing modalities in medical imaging. As part ofthe MRI process, the subject patient is placed in an external magneticfield. This field is created by a magnet assembly, which may be closedor open. Open magnet assemblies have two spaced-apart magnet polesseparated by a gap, and a working magnetic field volume located withinthe gap. The magnetic field produced by the magnet is applied to thesubject tissue, and the resulting nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”) isread by a detector. The NMR data is then processed to produce an imageof the tissue.

Conventionally, the elements of these imaging apparatus are sized andarranged to image an entire human body during a scan. Recently, scanningdevices have been developed to facilitate imaging only a particularanatomical area of interest of the subject patient, rather than thepatient's entire body. For example, such devices can be used to scanonly an extremity or joint of the patient. The devices are designed suchthat the dimensions of the magnet gap accommodate the extremity, such asan arm or leg, or joint, such as an elbow, knee, wrist, or ankle.

Conventional extremity scanners, however, have a major drawback in that,due to design constraints, sufficient scanning field strength is notprovided to adequately image the target body part. Typically, the usablefield within the gap is provided at a strength of no greater than 0.2tesla, which may limit some imaging applications. At least one designprovides a larger field strength, but the structural design is such thatweight-bearing scans are not possible, so the applications for thisdesign are limited. In fact, most conventional designs require that anextremity to be scanned must be placed inside a small cylinder or otherenclosed space. Most patients are uncomfortable and become fidgety whenconfined in this manner, making it more difficult to obtain meaningfuldiagnostic information.

There is therefore a need for a magnet structure design that hasdimensions suitable for use in imaging an extremity or particularportion of a subject's body, while still providing a field strengthwithin the magnetic field volume that will allow for clear imaging ofthe subject tissue. The design should provide ample room for theextremity so that the patient is comfortable. The magnet structureshould also be constructed such that it can enable weight-bearing scans,providing even more diagnostic flexibility.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a magnet structure that can be used in manyimaging applications, and has features that make it particularlysuitable for use when constructed on a relatively small scale, so thatbodily extremities can be scanned. The field within the magnet gap isprovided at least in part by a pair of permanent magnets that are fixedin place by a frame. The frame or a magnet assembly is adapted to fix inplace the magnetic material composing the permanent magnet, preferablysuch that the quantity of the magnetic material can be adjusted to suitthe particular application. Thus, the general geometry of the magnetstructure is fixed, and the amount of magnetic material, and thereforethe magnetic field strength, is adjustable. By providing an appropriateamount of magnetic material, and by selecting magnetic material havingadequate energy properties, the field strength is suitable for thescanning application.

The structural design of the present invention allows for scanning ofextremities such as feet, ankles, hands, and wrists, as well as knees,elbows, and upper legs and arms. The structure also can support at leasta portion of a patient's body weight, allowing for weight-bearing scans.Accommodation can be made for the patient's leg such that even hips canbe scanned.

According to an exemplary aspect of the present invention, a magnetstructure includes a frame supporting first and second opposingpermanent magnet assemblies. The frame includes a base, first and secondextensions connected to the base and to the respective first and secondopposing permanent magnet assemblies, and first and second supportstructures supporting the respective first and second opposing permanentmagnet assemblies with respect to the base. The first and secondopposing permanent magnet assemblies each include an enclosure having anopen end, a pole face disposed on the enclosure and arranged such thatit faces the pole face of the other permanent magnet assembly, amagnetic mass disposed within the enclosure, and a cover over the openend of the enclosure.

The magnetic mass can be a plurality of bricks made from a firstmagnetic material, and the enclosure can be box-shaped. The bricks canbe stacked so as to substantially conform to the shape of the enclosureand fill the enclosure. The magnet structure can also include a braceconnected between the cover and a first side of the enclosure on whichthe pole face is disposed. Alternatively, or in addition, the magnetstructure can also include a brace connected between a first side of theenclosure, and a second side of the enclosure on which the pole face isdisposed. The bricks can include main bricks oriented so as to direct amain magnetic field in a first direction, and bucking bricks oriented todirect a blocking magnetic field in a second direction.

The main bricks can be disposed behind the respective pole face anddirect the main magnetic field generally toward the respective poleface, and the bucking bricks can be disposed to one side of an outsideperiphery of the respective pole face and direct the blocking magneticfield toward a center line of the respective pole face. Alternatively,the main bricks can be disposed behind the respective pole face anddirect the main magnetic field generally toward the respective poleface, and the bucking bricks can be disposed on two opposite sides of anoutside periphery of the respective pole face and direct the blockingmagnetic field toward a center line of the respective pole face. Asanother alternative, the main bricks can be disposed behind therespective pole face and direct the main magnetic field generally towardthe respective pole face, and the bucking bricks can include firstbucking bricks and second bucking bricks. In this case, the firstbucking bricks are disposed at a first side of an outside periphery ofthe respective pole face and direct the blocking magnetic field toward afirst center line of the respective pole face, and the second buckingbricks are disposed at a second side of the outside periphery of therespective pole face, adjacent the first side of the outside peripheryof the respective pole face, and direct the blocking magnetic fieldtoward a second center line of the respective pole face. Alternatively,the main bricks can be disposed behind the respective pole face anddirect the main magnetic field generally toward the respective poleface, and the bucking bricks can include first bucking bricks and secondbucking bricks. In this case, the first bucking bricks are disposed atfirst and second opposite sides of an outside periphery of therespective pole face and direct the blocking magnetic field toward afirst center line of the respective pole face, and the second buckingbricks are disposed at third and fourth opposite sides of the outsideperiphery of the respective pole face, adjacent the first and secondopposite sides of the outside periphery of the respective pole face, anddirect the blocking magnetic field toward a second center line of therespective pole face.

An orientation of each brick can determine a direction of the magneticfield produced by that brick. For example, the orientation of each brickcan be selected to direct a cumulative magnetic field produced by theplurality of bricks, for example, toward the respective pole face.Alternatively, the orientation of a first quantity of the plurality ofbricks can be selected to direct a cumulative magnetic field produced bythe first quantity of bricks generally toward the respective pole face,and the orientation of a second quantity of the plurality of bricks canbe selected to focus the cumulative magnetic field produced by the firstquantity of bricks toward a particular area of the respective pole face.

The magnetic mass can be selected from a group of materials consistingof rare earth metals. The dimensions of each brick can be adjusted tosuit the geometry required of the application, such as approximately 2inches by 2 inches by 1 inch.

The frame can also include first and second slabs of magnetic materialdisposed on sides of the respective enclosures of the opposing permanentmagnet assemblies opposite the sides of the respective enclosures onwhich the pole faces are disposed. The first and second frame extensionscan also be made from a magnetic material.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a magnet structureincludes a first permanent magnet mass, a first pole face disposed onthe first permanent magnet mass, a second permanent magnet mass, asecond pole face disposed on the second permanent magnet mass, and aframe connecting the first permanent magnet mass to the second permanentmagnet mass. The first pole face is substantially opposite and facingthe second pole face to define a magnetic field volume in a gap locatedbetween the first pole face and the second pole face. The magneticfields produced by the first and second permanent magnet masses can bedirected toward the respective pole faces.

The first and second permanent magnetic masses can be respective firstand second pluralities of bricks made of magnetic material, which canconsist of rare earth metals. The first and second pluralities of brickscan have geometries that allow a magnetic field direction for each brickto be selected by physical arrangement of the brick. The first andsecond pluralities of bricks can be arranged so that a cumulative effectof individual field directions of the bricks is a magnetic fielddirected toward the respective pole face. Each of the first and secondpluralities of bricks can include main bricks oriented so as to direct amain magnetic field in a first direction, and bucking bricks oriented todirect a blocking magnetic field in a second direction.

The main bricks can be disposed behind the respective pole face anddirect the main magnetic field generally toward the respective poleface, and the bucking bricks can be disposed to one side of an outsideperiphery of the respective pole face and direct the blocking magneticfield toward a center line of the respective pole face. Alternatively,the main bricks can be disposed behind the respective pole face anddirect the main magnetic field generally toward the respective poleface, and the bucking bricks can be disposed on two opposite sides of anoutside periphery of the respective pole face and direct the blockingmagnetic field toward a center line of the respective pole face. Asanother alternative, the main bricks can be disposed behind therespective pole face and direct the main magnetic field generally towardthe respective pole face, and the bucking bricks can include firstbucking bricks and second bucking bricks. In this case, the firstbucking bricks can be disposed at a first side of an outside peripheryof the respective pole face and direct the blocking magnetic fieldtoward a first center line of the respective pole face, and the secondbucking bricks can be disposed at a second side of the outside peripheryof the respective pole face, adjacent the first side of the outsideperiphery of the respective pole face, and direct the blocking magneticfield toward a second center line of the respective pole face.Alternatively, the main bricks can be disposed behind the respectivepole face and direct the main magnetic field generally toward therespective pole face, and the bucking bricks can include first buckingbricks and second bucking bricks. In this case, the first bucking brickscan be disposed at first and second opposite sides of an outsideperiphery of the respective pole face and direct the blocking magneticfield toward a first center line of the respective pole face, and thesecond bucking bricks can be disposed at third and fourth opposite sidesof the outside periphery of the respective pole face, adjacent the firstand second opposite sides of the outside periphery of the respectivepole face, and direct the blocking magnetic field toward a second centerline of the respective pole face.

The magnet structure may also include first and second enclosures inwhich the first and second pluralities of bricks are respectivelydisposed, wherein the first and second enclosures are connected to theframe and to the respective first and second pole faces. Each enclosurecan include an open end for inserting and removing quantities of therespective pluralities of bricks, and a cover disposed over the openend. Each enclosure can also include a brace connected between the coverand a first side of the enclosure on which the pole face is disposed.Alternatively, or in addition, each enclosure can also include a braceconnected between a first side of the enclosure, and a second side ofthe enclosure on which the pole face is disposed.

Each permanent magnetic mass can include a main magnetic mass providinga main magnetic field in a first direction, and a focusing magnetic massproviding a main magnetic field in a second direction. The firstdirection can be normal to a plane generally defined by a shape of thepole face, and the second direction can be parallel to the planegenerally defined by a shape of the pole face. The magnetic mass caninclude magnetic material selected from group consisting of rare earthmetals.

The magnetic mass can include discrete magnetic elements, which caninclude magnetic material selected from group consisting of rare earthmetals. A selectable orientation of each discrete magnetic element candetermine a direction of the magnetic field produced by that discretemagnetic element. The orientation of each discrete magnetic element canbe selected to direct a cumulative magnetic field produced by thediscrete magnetic elements toward the respective pole face. Theorientation of a first quantity of the discrete magnetic elements can beselected to direct a cumulative magnetic field produced by the firstquantity of discrete magnetic elements generally toward the respectivepole face, and the orientation of a second quantity of the discretemagnetic elements can be selected to focus the cumulative magnetic fieldproduced by the first quantity of discrete magnetic elements toward aparticular area of the respective pole face. The particular area of thepole face can include the center of the pole face. The first quantity ofthe discrete magnetic elements can be disposed behind the respectivepole face, and the second quantity of the discrete magnetic elements canbe disposed outside of an outer peripheral edge of the respective poleface.

The frame can also include first and second slabs of magnetic materialdisposed on sides of the respective first and second permanent magnetmasses opposite the sides of the respective permanent magnet masses onwhich the respective pole faces are disposed.

According to another exemplary aspect of the present invention, a magnetstructure includes a frame, including first and second opposing frameends and a plurality of spacers separating the first and second frameends, a first permanent magnet assembly, attached to the first frameend, and a second permanent magnet assembly, attached to the secondframe end. The first permanent magnet assembly includes a first magnetenclosure, a first permanent magnet insert, and a first pole facedisposed on an end of the first magnet enclosure. Likewise, the secondpermanent magnet assembly includes a second magnet enclosure, a secondpermanent magnet insert, and a second pole face disposed on an end ofthe second magnet enclosure. The first and second frame ends can be madesubstantially of iron.

Each of the first and second magnet enclosures can include a retainer,and a support connecting the retainer to the respective frame end, suchthat the respective permanent magnet insert is held between a first sideof the retainer and the respective frame end, and the respective poleface is attached to a second side of the retainer. The retainers can bemade substantially of iron.

Each of the ends can be shaped substantially like a cross. The crossshape can be supported by at least one gusset. The spacers can connectcorresponding ends of the cross shapes of the first and second frameends.

The first and second magnet enclosures can each include an open end, aclosed end, and a sidewall, defining an inside space in which therespective permanent magnet insert is disposed. The first and secondmagnet enclosures can each be attached to the respective frame end suchthat the open end is in direct communication with the respective frameend, and the respective pole face is attached to the closed end. Eachinside space can have a plan view that is shaped substantially like arectangle. If the first and second frame ends are each shapedsubstantially like a cross, the sides of each of the inside spaces canbe substantially parallel with arms of the respective cross.Alternatively, the corners of each of the inside spaces can be disposedon arms of the respective cross. The first and second magnet enclosurescan be made substantially of iron.

The magnet first and second permanent magnet inserts can each includediscrete magnetic elements. The discrete magnetic elements can be madeof magnetic material, such as that selected from group consisting ofrare earth metals. The discrete magnetic elements can have geometriesthat allow a magnetic field direction for each discrete magnetic elementto be selected. The discrete magnetic elements can be arranged so that acumulative effect of individual field directions of the discretemagnetic elements is a magnetic field directed toward the respectivepole face. The discrete magnetic elements can include a first group ofdiscrete magnetic elements arranged to have a magnetic field directedgenerally toward the respective pole face, and a second group ofdiscrete magnetic elements focusing the magnetic field toward aparticular area on the respective pole face. The particular area on therespective pole face can be the center of the pole face. The secondgroup of discrete magnetic elements can be disposed between the firstgroup of discrete magnetic elements and the respective pole face andoutside an outer periphery of the respective pole face, and the secondgroup of discrete magnetic elements can produce a magnetic field thathas a direction substantially parallel to the pole face.

The first and second permanent magnet inserts can each include bricksmade of magnetic material. The bricks can be made of magnetic materialselected from group consisting of rare earth metals. The bricks can havegeometries that allow a magnetic field direction for each said brick tobe selected by physical arrangement of the brick. The bricks can bearranged so that a cumulative effect of individual field directions ofthe bricks is a magnetic field directed toward the respective pole face.The bricks can include a first group of bricks arranged to have amagnetic field directed generally toward the respective pole face, and asecond group of bricks focusing the magnetic field toward a particulararea on the respective pole face. The particular area on the respectivepole face can be an area including the center of the pole face. Thesecond group of bricks can be disposed between the first group of bricksand the respective pole face and outside an outer periphery of therespective pole face, and the second group of bricks can produce amagnetic field that has a direction substantially parallel to the poleface.

Thus, the magnet structure is characterized by two opposing poles thatare substantially parallel to each other. For example, the poles can befacing each other across an air gap, oriented in a vertical position sothat the magnetic field produced by the magnet is horizontal. The polesare made of magnetic material, typically ferromagnetic material. Amagnetic mass is disposed behind the poles to provide the magneto-motiveforce. As described above, the magnetic mass can be composed of discretemagnetic elements, such as magnetic bricks, that is, a discrete magneticelement having a thick, tile shape. These bricks can be stacked in anarray to form the permanent magnet.

A flux collection plate, formed from a magnetic material, such as aferromagnetic material, is disposed behind each magnetic mass. At leastone ferromagnetic conductor connects the flux collection plates, inorder to minimize the magnetic reluctance between the permanent magnets.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an embodiment of the magnet structure ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a top/front isometric view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, with oneof the magnet assemblies removed.

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, with oneof the magnet assemblies removed and the other magnet pole face removed.

FIG. 7 is a front view of an alternative embodiment of the magnetstructure of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is a detail view of a magnet brick array of the embodiment shownin FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of another embodiment of the magnetstructure of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, showingalternative exemplary orientations of a magnet insert.

FIG. 15 is a cut-away sectional view of a detail of the embodiment shownin FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a magnet structure that is particularlyadvantageous for use in scanning a patient in a nuclear MRI procedure,as described above. Two permanent magnet assemblies are provided, one oneach side of a gap that is designated the working magnetic field volume.The structure includes two opposing, substantially parallel poles, oneeach as a part of a respective magnet assembly. Preferably, the polesare substantially composed of a ferromagnetic material.

The permanent magnet assemblies include a mass of magnetic materialdisposed behind each pole, that is, away from the gap between the poles,to provide the magneto-motive force for the magnet structure. Themagnetic material can be, for example, rare earth metals, which areelements of the lanthanide series, atomic numbers 57 through 71.According to the present invention, the magnetic material can take theform of discrete magnetic elements, such as thick, tile-shaped “bricks”,or arcuate polar elements. The discrete elements can be assembled in anarray.

In exemplary embodiments, each pole is efficiently coupled to arespective magnetic mass for flux transfers via a collector interface.The collector interface can be circular or rectangular, or can smoothlytransition in shape such that it matches the pole shape and the shape ofthe magnetic mass at each respective contact area. The collectorinterface in an exemplary embodiment includes a ferromagnetic collectorplate in intimate contact with the surface of the permanent magnetstack. Ideally, the collector plate is in contact with the permanentmagnet stack over the entire surface of the collector plate. If this isnot possible, it is contemplated that the contact area is preferablymaximized. Alternatively, an air gap for providing symmetry can belocated between the collector interface and the rear of the pole.

In an exemplary embodiment, the pole is cylindrical. Alternatively, thepole can be elongated either vertically or horizontally tocorrespondingly elongate the scanning volume in a selected dimension.The pole surface can be contoured to produce a uniform scanning fieldvolume. According to at least one embodiment of the present invention,the poles have surfaces that are parallel and are aligned substantiallyvertically, so that the direction of the produced magnetic field ishorizontal. In at least one other exemplary embodiment, the poles havesurfaces that are parallel and are aligned substantially horizontally,so that the direction of the produced magnetic field is vertical. Exceptwhere a particular orientation of the magnet structure is specified tofacilitate describing an exemplary embodiment that is suited for aparticular application, it is to be assumed that no particularorientation is specified for the structure of the present invention.That is, unless specifically noted otherwise for a particular exemplaryembodiment, no particular portion of the structure is designated as thefront, back, side, top, or bottom, except in relation to other portionsand components.

A ferromagnetic flux collector plate is disposed behind each permanentmagnet mass, that is, on the side of the brick stack that is farthestfrom the pole. In one exemplary embodiment, the flux collector plate isdisposed directly in contact with the permanent magnet mass.Alternatively, a small air gap is provided between the flux collectorplate and the magnetic mass, to compensate for any asymmetry of the fluxreturn. One or more preferably ferromagnetic conductors connect the twoflux collector plates, in order to minimize the reluctance that occursin the flux return connecting the rears of the two permanent magnetmasses. In at least one exemplary embodiment, the connecting flux returnis located below the permanent magnet masses, such as under a floor onwhich the magnet structure is at rest. According to at least one otherexemplary embodiment, the connecting flux return is located on a side ofthe permanent magnet masses, behind the working magnetic field volume.Two connecting flux returns can be utilized, one each in the exemplarylocations described above.

In order to obtain good results from a scan, the field strength in themagnet gap must be sufficiently large, so that meaningful data can beprovided. The diagnostic utility of scanning data increases with thefield strength in the magnet gap, that is, within the working volume ofthe scanner. Thus, it is advantageous to maximize the field strength inthe magnet gap, given certain physical constraints, such as magnetstructure dimensions and availability of magnetic material. Many factorscan affect the field strength in the magnet gap. For example, thestrength, that is, the energy product BH of the permanent magnet, timesthe volume of the permanent magnet material, play a large part indetermining the field strength in the magnet gap. While increasing theamount of magnetic material will certainly increase the field strength,size limitations on the magnet structure can limit the amount ofmagnetic material used. Obviously, obtaining better quality magneticmaterial will also cause an increase in field strength, but obtainingbetter material drives up the cost of the magnet structure. Certaindesign considerations can be applied, however, to increase the usablefield strength, even while constrained by the quantity and quality ofthe magnetic material.

For example, optimizing the flux collection and its transfer into theuseful gap region also affects the field strength in the gap. Suchoptimization is provided by the magnet structure as described above. Inaddition, directing the field at the poles so that it is more focusedwithin the gap makes the available field strength more useful. This canbe accomplished according to the present invention by dividing thepermanent magnetic mass into portions that are oriented so as to focusthe field produced by the magnetic mass. For example, a main magneticmass can direct the field generally toward the pole, and secondarymagnetic masses can be oriented so as to direct, or focus, the mainfield such that the overall field produced is concentrated in a mannerthat is more efficient for scanning tissue within the working fieldvolume. In an embodiment using arrays of magnetic bricks as the magneticmass, for example, a main stack of these bricks disposed behind the poleand behind the collector interface, functioning as the main magneticmass described above. Additional stacks of “blocking” bricks can bearranged around at least a portion of the periphery of the pole and/orcollector interface, functioning as the secondary magnetic massdescribed above. The efficiency provided by the secondary magnetic massadds to the effective field strength produced by the magnet.

Thus, an open space leading to the working field volume between thepoles is provided for a patient, such that the patient can project thesubject tissue in the working field volume. Because of the combinationof the structural elements of the present invention, and the improvedstrength and efficiency of the working field due to the functionalconsiderations of the present invention, the patient and diagnosticianare provided with added flexibility in performing the scan. Not only cana patient extend an unsupported extremity into the working field volume,he or she can also support at least a portion of his or her weight onthe subject extremity. For example, a patient having an ankle or kneescanned can be seated in front of the scanner and project his or her leghorizontally into the gap. In a subsequent scan, the patient can standbetween the poles, enabling a weight-bearing condition that providesdifferent and insightful information, increasing the likelihood of asuccessful diagnosis. The geometry and field strength of the structureof the present invention enables a variety of scanning scenarios thatare at best difficult to set up using conventional scanners. Forexample, a patient can also lie horizontally in front of the scanner andproject his or her head into the working volume for scanning.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is a symmetric,multiple-post “open” magnet structure, particularly suitable for use aspart of an MRI whole body scanner. The exemplary embodiment utilizesfour posts and a vertical field. The posts, preferably ferromagnetic,function as flux returns between two ferromagnetic end plates. For easeof explanation only, the two end plates will be oriented and referred toas top and bottom plates. A permanent magnet mass is disposed below thetop plate. Flux collector regions and a magnet pole are arranged belowthe permanent magnet mass. The bottom half of the structure issymmetrically identical to the top half, about a horizontal line thatruns midway between the two opposing, substantially parallel poles.Because of the flux return posts spacing the top and bottom end plates,the magnetic flux generated by the upper and lower permanent magnetscross the scanning gap and return with a minimum of reluctance.

In an exemplary embodiment, each permanent magnet mass is an array ofdiscrete magnetic elements, which can be, for example, a stack ofmagnetic bricks as described above. Further, these brick stacks can bearranged so as to have rectangular cross sections, and can be disposedin a container volume located between an end plate and a flux collectorregion. That is, a ferromagnetic flux collector is supported below thetop plate to define a container volume to be filled with permanentmagnet elements. A similar volume is defined above the bottom plate. Anauxiliary small compartment around the periphery of the flux collectorcan be used to stack with blocking bricks to increase efficiency of themagnet structure.

Similar to previously-described embodiments, the poles are preferablycylindrical. A collector interface can be provided between the rear ofthe pole and the matching surface of the flux collector, to increase theefficiency of coupling between the pole and the flux collector. Forexample, such a collector interface can be used to efficientlymagnetically couple a square flux collector surface to a circular polesurface.

Particular exemplary embodiments of the present invention are describedin more detail below. These exemplary embodiments are illustrative ofthe inventive concept described above and recited in the appendedclaims, and are not limiting of the scope or spirit of the presentinvention as contemplated by the inventors.

FIRST EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

A first exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 1–6.FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the magnet structure 100 of thisexemplary embodiment. The magnet structure 100 includes a pair of magnetassemblies 102, 104, and a frame 106, which provides support for thefirst and second magnet assemblies 102, 104 and maintains a fixeddistance between them. Although the frame 106 satisfies structuralrequirements of the magnet structure 100, certain components of theframe 106 can perform functional roles as well.

The first and second magnet assemblies 102, 104 include respective firstand second poles 108, 110 and respective first and second magnetenclosures 112, 114. As shown in FIG. 3, the poles 108, 110 are disposedon opposing sides of the magnet enclosures 112, 114, such that faces116, 118 of the poles 112, 114 are substantially parallel and facingeach other. The magnet enclosures 112, 114 are filled with magneticmaterial, which is the magnetic mass that provides the magneto-motiveforce of the permanent magnet. Each magnet enclosure 112, 114 has anopening through which the magnetic material can be placed into themagnet enclosure and taken out of the magnet enclosure. The magneticmaterial can take the form of, for example, discrete magnetic elements.These discrete magnetic elements can take any of various forms, such asthat of bricks, that is, oblong rectangular shapes, or, alternatively,thin, square, tile-shaped bricks. Alternatively, the discrete magneticelements can be arcuately shaped, and stacked within the magnetenclosure to form a round magnetic mass. The interior of the magnetenclosures 112, 114 can be shaped to accommodate discrete magneticelements of any shape. First and second covers 120, 122 are providedover the respective openings. The covers 120, 122 can be composed ofdiscrete covering pieces, such as strips of material spanning theopening.

The magnetic material can be substantially composed of, for example, anyof the rare earth metals, either alone or in any combination. The magnetenclosures 112, 114 are made from one or more magnetic materials, suchas a ferromagnetic material. The poles 108, 110 are made from one ormore magnetic materials, such as a ferromagnetic material. The covers120, 122 are made from a sufficiently strong structural material that isnot magnetic, such as aluminum.

The frame 106 includes first and second end plates 124, 126 connected tothe respective magnet enclosures 112, 114, a connecting element 128joining the end plates 124, 126, and first and second support gussets130, 132, acting as braces between the connecting element 128 and therespective magnet enclosures 112, 114. To provide sufficient stability,the gussets 130, 132 can be attached to the first and second end plates,124, 126, the magnet enclosures 112, 114, and the connecting element128. Structurally, the frame 106 keeps the magnet assemblies 102,104stationary and spaced at a selected distance. The structure of the frame106 also maintains the relative orientation of the poles 108, 110, suchthat the pole faces 116, 118 are opposed and substantially parallel, asshown in FIGS. 2 and 4. Strictly in respect of the structuralrequirements of the frame 106, the end plates 124, 126, connectingelement 128, and support gussets 130, 132 are made of strong stiffmaterial, such as metal. The support gussets 130, 132 preferably aremade from a non-magnetic metal, such as aluminum. As shown in FIG. 5,the gussets 130, 132 can include gusset platforms 134, to provideadditional stability in bracing the magnet assemblies 102, 104. Whetherthe end plates 124, 126 and connecting element 128 are made from amagnetic metal, and particularly from a ferromagnetic material, dependson the functionality required of these frame components, as describedbelow.

Functionally, the end plates 124, 126 can act as flux collector plates.In such cases, the end plates 124, 126 are made from a magneticmaterial, preferably a ferromagnetic material, and a portion of each endplate 124, 126 facing the respective magnet enclosure 112, 114 isproximate to the magnetic material, and preferably is in contact withthe magnetic material. This contact can be made either directly or, asshown in FIG. 6, through mutual contact with an interface element 136made of a magnetic material, such as a ferromagnetic material. Likewise,the connecting element 128 can function as a flux return between theflux connector plates. In such cases, the connecting element 128 is madefrom a magnetic material, preferably a ferromagnetic material. Theconnecting element can include a bore 138, through which a patient canplace his or her leg, so that the patient's leg can be placed within thegap for scanning.

SECOND EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

FIGS. 7–10 illustrate a second exemplary embodiment of the magnetstructure 200 of the present invention. As in the first embodiment, themagnet structure 200 includes a pair of magnet assemblies 202, 204, anda frame 206, which provides support for the first and second magnetassemblies 202, 204 and maintains a fixed distance between them.Although the frame 206 satisfies structural requirements of the magnetstructure 200, certain components of the frame 206 can performfunctional roles as well.

The first and second magnet assemblies 202, 204 include respective firstand second poles 208, 210 and respective first and second magnetenclosures 212, 214. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the poles 208, 210 aredisposed on opposing sides of the magnet enclosures 212, 214, such thatfaces 216, 218 of the poles 208, 210 are substantially parallel andfacing each other. The magnet enclosures 212, 214 are filled withmagnetic material, which is the magnetic mass that provides themagneto-motive force of the permanent magnet. Each magnet enclosure 212,214 has an opening through which the magnetic material can be placedinto the magnet enclosure and taken out of the magnet enclosure. Themagnetic material can take the form of, for example, discrete magneticelements. These discrete magnetic elements can take any of variousforms, such as that of bricks, that is, oblong rectangular shapes, or,as shown in the figures, thin, square, tile-shaped bricks.Alternatively, the discrete magnetic elements can be arcuately shaped,and stacked within the magnet enclosure to form a round magnetic mass.The interior of the magnet enclosures 212, 214 can be shaped toaccommodate discrete magnetic elements of any shape. First and secondcovers 220, 222 are provided over the respective openings. The covers220, 222 can be composed of discrete covering pieces, such as strips ofmaterial spanning the opening.

The magnetic material can be substantially composed of, for example, anyof the rare earth metals, either alone or in any combination. The magnetenclosures 212, 214 are made from one or more magnetic materials, suchas a ferromagnetic material. The poles 208, 210 are made from one ormore magnetic materials, such as a ferromagnetic material. The covers220, 222 are made from a sufficiently strong structural material that isnot magnetic, such as aluminum.

The frame 206 includes first and second end plates 224, 226 connected tothe respective magnet enclosures 212, 214, a first connecting element228 joining first ends of the end plates 224, 226, and first and secondsupport gussets 230, 232, acting as braces between the first connectingelement 228 and the respective magnet enclosures 212, 214. The framealso includes a second connecting element 234 joining second ends of theend plates 224, 226. Structurally, the frame 206 keeps the magnetassemblies 202, 204 stationary and spaced at a selected distance. Thestructure of the frame 206 also maintains the relative orientation ofthe poles 208, 210, such that the pole faces 216, 218 are opposed andsubstantially parallel, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. Strictly in respectof the structural requirements of the frame 206, the end plates 224,226, first and second connecting elements 228, 234, and support gussets230, 232 are made of strong stiff material, such as metal. The supportgussets 230, 232 preferably are made from a non-magnetic metal, such asaluminum. As in the previously-described embodiment, the gussets 230,232 can include gusset platforms, to provide additional stability inbracing the magnet assemblies 202, 204. Whether the end plates 224, 226and first and second connecting elements 228, 234 are made from amagnetic metal, and particularly from a ferromagnetic material, dependson the functionality required of these frame components, as describedbelow.

Functionally, the end plates 224, 226 can act as flux collector plates.In such cases, the end plates 224, 226 are made from a magneticmaterial, preferably a ferromagnetic material, and a portion of each endplate 224, 226 facing the respective magnet enclosure 212, 214 isproximate to the magnetic material, and preferably is in contact withthe magnetic material. This contact can be made either directly orthrough mutual contact with an interface element made of a magneticmaterial, such as a ferromagnetic material. Likewise, the connectingelements 228, 234 can function as flux returns between the fluxconnector plates. In such cases, the connecting elements 228, 234 aremade from a magnetic material, preferably a ferromagnetic material. Theaddition of the second flux return enables the fabrication of both fluxreturns from smaller pieces of metal.

As shown, the magnet assemblies 202, 204 can also include respectivefirst and second interface collectors 250, 252, disposed between therespective magnet enclosures 212, 214 and the respective poles 208, 210.The interface collectors 250, 252 are made of magnetic material, forexample, ferromagnetic material, and provide a flux transmissioninterface between the magnetic material in the enclosures 212, 214 andthe respective poles 208, 210. A first side of each interface collectorfaces the respective enclosure 212, 214, and can be in direct contactwith the magnetic material within the enclosure. Alternatively, a spacecan be present between the interface collectors 250, 252 and themagnetic material, and an intervening material can be present withinthis space. A second side of each interface collector 250, 252 is indirect contact with the side of the respective pole 208, 210, that isfacing the enclosure 212, 214. The geometry of each interface collector250, 252 is such that the side facing the pole is substantially the sameshape as the shape of the surface of the pole facing the interfacecollector. Likewise, the side of the interface collector facing themagnetic material in the enclosure has substantially the same shape asthat of the facing surface of the magnetic material. Thus, for example,if the pole surface facing the interface collector is round, the surfaceof the interface collector facing the pole is also round. If the surfaceof the magnetic material facing the interface collector is square, thesurface of the side of the interface collector facing the magneticmaterial is also square. Between its opposite faces, the cross-sectionalshape of the interface collector undergoes a transition between the twoface shapes, if necessary, to efficiently couple flux transfers betweenthe magnetic material and the poles.

FIG. 10 shows a detail of the structure shown in FIG. 9. In particular,FIG. 10 shows an exemplary embodiment in which the magnetic materialtakes the form of discrete magnetic elements in the shape of bricks 236,that is, thick, tile-shaped elements. The bricks 236 may be formed, forexample, from a rare earth metal. A first array 238 of these bricks isstacked behind the pole 208, with the individual bricks oriented suchthat they each provide a field component that is generally aligned withfield components provided by the other bricks in the array 238, toprovide a generally directed, cumulative field. This array 238constitutes a main stack of magnetic bricks, and provides the majorityof the field for the magnet structure 200. The main array 238 of bricksprovides a field having a main component pointed generally in thedirection 240 of the pole 208. The field produced by the main array 238is suitable for use in scanning subject tissue in the gap, but can bemore effective if directed, or focused, toward a more distinct targetarea within the gap. Secondary bricks 242, 244 are provided for thepurpose of directing the main field in this manner. For example, topblocking bricks 242 are arranged in front of the main array 238 andoutside a periphery of the pole 208, on the same side of the magnetenclosure 212 as the opening and the cover 220. The top blocking bricks242 are arranged in an array such that each top blocking brickcontributes a field component in a direction 246 pointing away from theperiphery of the pole 208 and toward a horizontal center line of thepole 208. Thus, the top blocking bricks 242 have the effect of directingthe main field toward a specific location in the gap. In this example,that specific direction is toward a horizontal center line of the pole.An array of bottom blocking bricks can be disposed outside a bottomperiphery of the pole 208, that is, on the side of the pole 208 oppositethe side on which the top blocking bricks 242 are disposed. The overalleffect of the bottom blocking bricks is to direct the main fieldproduced by the main array 238 toward a horizontal center line of thepole 208, from the bottom side of the pole 208. If the bottom blockingbricks are used instead of the top blocking bricks 238, the effect wouldbe a substantially similar one, albeit in mirror image. If the bottomblocking bricks are used in addition to the top blocking bricks 238, theresulting directed field will be more localized along the horizontalcenter line of the pole 208.

Likewise, side blocking bricks 244 can be arranged in front of the mainarray 238 and outside a periphery of the pole 208, adjacent the side ofthe magnet enclosure 212 having the opening and the cover 220. The sideblocking bricks 244 are arranged in an array such that each sideblocking brick contributes a field component in a direction 248 pointingaway from the periphery of the pole 208 and toward a vertical centerline of the pole 208. Thus, the side blocking bricks 244 have the effectof directing the main field toward a specific location in the gap. Inthis example, that specific direction is toward a vertical center lineof the pole 208. An array of side blocking bricks can be disposedoutside a periphery of the other side of the pole 208, that is, on theside of the pole 208 opposite the side on which the side blocking bricks244 are disposed. The overall effect of these side blocking bricks is todirect the main field produced by the main array 238 toward a verticalcenter line of the pole 208, from the other side of the pole 208. Ifthese second side blocking bricks are used instead of the first sideblocking bricks 244, the effect would be a substantially similar one,albeit in mirror image. If the second side blocking bricks are used inaddition to the first side blocking bricks 238, the resulting directedfield will be more localized along the horizontal center line of thepole 208.

Likewise, blocking bricks can be disposed outside the periphery of thepole 208, on any combination of the top, bottom, and two sides of thepole 208. The locations and quantities of blocking bricks disposed atany of these locations can be selected to direct the main field to adesired volume within the magnet gap, effectively defining the workingmagnetic field volume. Defining the working volume in this manner makesmore efficient use of the available field.

As shown in FIG. 10, the top blocking bricks 242 and side blockingbricks 244 are disposed around the periphery of the pole 208. In theexemplary embodiment shown, the blocking bricks are also disposed aroundthe periphery of the interface collector 250, which is disposed againstthe main array 238 of magnetic bricks. Because this exemplary embodimentincludes an interface collector 250 having surface dimensions that aresmaller than the dimensions of the contact surface of the main array ofbricks 236, open gaps are present between the interface collector 250and the cover 220, and between the interface collector 250 and asidewall 258 of the magnet enclosure 212. Brackets 254, 256 can beprovided between the interface collector 250 and the cover 220 to closethe top gap, and between the interface collector 250 and the sidewall258 to cover the side gap. Further, because this exemplary embodimentincludes both top blocking bricks 242 and side blocking bricks 244, thebrackets 254, 256 can be shaped to restrain these bricks as well.Corresponding brackets can be located at the bottom periphery of theinterface collector 250 and at the opposite side periphery of theinterface collector 250, if necessary to close any gap that might exist,or to restrain any blocking bricks that might be used. The brackets 254,256 are structural pieces, made from non-magnetic material, such asaluminum.

THIRD EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT

A third exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS.11–15. As shown in FIG. 11, the magnet structure 300 includes first andsecond opposing permanent magnet assemblies 302, 304, held in place andseparated by a frame 306. The frame includes first and second frame ends308, 310, to which the magnet assemblies 302, 304 are attached. Theframe ends 308, 310 are separated by a number of spacers 312, which keepthe opposing poles 314, 316 apart by a selected distance so as to form agap therebetween that is suitable for the intended use of the magnetstructure 300.

As shown in FIG. 12, each frame end 308, 310 is formed in the shape of across, that is, consisting of connected, transverse, or intersectingpieces forming a construction having four segments emanating from acommon point, such that the segments are arranged at substantially rightangles with respect to adjacent segments. Thus, the exemplary embodimentshown in FIGS. 11–14 utilizes frame ends having four extended segments.It is contemplated, however, that frame ends utilized as components ofthe present invention can have any number of extended segments. In theexemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 12, two smaller frame end pieces 318,320 are connected to a larger frame end piece 324 to form the crossshape. The frame end 308, 310 structure can be reinforced by gussets 322or other bracing construction.

As shown in FIG. 13, the magnet structure 300 of the present inventioncan be arranged such that a first magnet assembly 302 is an upper magnetassembly, and a second magnet assembly 304 is a lower magnet assembly.Thus, according to this arrangement, the first and second frame ends308, 310 are upper and lower frame ends, respectively. The spacers 312rest on the lower frame end 310 and support the upper frame end 308. Thelength of the spacers 312 determines the distance between the upper pole314 and the lower pole 316, defining the magnet gap 326 therebetween. Afooter 328 can be used to raise the magnet structure 300 off the ground,and to isolate the lower frame end 310 from magnetic elements that mightbe present in the ground, which could affect the homogeneity of thefield produced by the magnet structure 300.

The magnet assemblies 302, 304 each include a pole 314, 316, a collector330, 332, and a permanent magnet insert 334, 336. The permanent magnetinsert 334, 336 is the magnetic mass that provides the magneto-motiveforce for the magnet structure 300. The collector 330, 332 is positionedbetween the magnet insert 334, 336 and the pole 314, 316 to couple fluxtransfers between the magnetic material in the magnet insert 334, 336and the pole 314, 316.

The frame ends 308, 310 can be made of magnetic material, for example,ferromagnetic material. In this case, the spacers 312 can also be madeof magnetic material, for example, ferromagnetic material. When thisconstruction is used, the spacers 312 satisfy a functional purpose inaddition to a structural purpose. That is, the spacers 312 act as fluxreturns, so that the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnetinserts 334, 336 can return with a minimum of reluctance.

FIG. 15 shows a cross-section of the center portion of an upper rightquadrant of the magnet structure 300. The following description appliesto each quadrant of the magnet assembly 300, such that each quadrant hasa corresponding mirror image symmetry of the structure described below.The upper end plate 308 is preferably fabricated from a ferromagneticmaterial, and provides the frame interface with the upper magnetassembly 302. The upper permanent magnet insert 334 is disposed belowand in contact with the upper frame end 308. The permanent magnet insert334 is a mass of ferromagnetic material composed of, for example, one ormore rare earth metals. The collector plate 330 is disposed below andsupports the permanent magnet insert 334. The collector plate 330 isheld in place, for example, by attachment to the upper end plate 308. Anexemplary attachment mechanism is shown in FIG. 15. A bracket 338 orother support is connected to both the upper frame end 308 and thecollector plate 330, for example, by bolts 340. The bracket 338 is madefrom a non-magnetic structural material, such as aluminum. The pole 314is attached to the collector plate 330.

The collector plate 330 is made of magnetic material, for example,ferromagnetic material, and provides a flux transmission interfacebetween the permanent magnet insert 334 and the pole 314. A first sideof the collector plate 330 faces the permanent magnet insert 334, andcan be in direct contact with the magnetic material of the permanentmagnet insert 334. Alternatively, a space can be present between thecollector plate 330 and the magnetic material, and an interveningmaterial can be present within this space. A second side of thecollector plate 330 is in direct contact with the side of the pole 314that is facing the permanent magnet insert 334. The geometry of thecollector plate 330 is such that the side facing the pole 314 issubstantially the same shape as the shape of the surface of the pole 314facing the collector plate 330. Likewise, the side of the collectorplate facing the permanent magnet insert 334 has substantially the sameshape as that of the facing surface of the permanent magnet insert 334.Thus, for example, if the pole surface facing the collector plate 330 isround, the surface of the collector plate 330 facing the pole 314 isalso round. If the surface of the permanent magnet insert 334 facing thecollector plate 330 is square, the surface of the side of the collectorplate 330 facing the permanent magnet insert 334 is also square. Betweenits opposite faces, the cross-sectional shape of the collector plateundergoes a transition between the two face shapes, if necessary, toefficiently couple flux transfers between the permanent magnet insert334 and the pole 314. The collector plate 330 also provides a transitionin size between the permanent magnet insert 334 and the pole 314, ifnecessary. Alternatively, the collector plate 330 is designed physicallysuch that it matches with the permanent magnet insert 334, and acollector interface, preferably made of ferromagnetic material, isdisposed between the collector plate 330 and the pole 314 to provide thegeometric transition described above.

As described, the collector plate 330, upper frame end 308, and bracket338 define a magnet enclosure in which the permanent magnet insert 334is disposed. FIG. 14 is a top view of the upper frame end 308, withphantom views of two exemplary orientations of the magnet enclosure asdescribed above. In this exemplary embodiment, the plan view of themagnet enclosure is rectangular, and in particular is substantiallysquare. The shape and orientation of the collector plate 330, as well asthe position and shape of the brackets 338, can result in a firstorientation 352 of the magnet enclosure, such that the corners of thesquare shape of the magnet enclosure are disposed on the segments of thecross shape of the upper end plate 308. Alternatively, the position ofthe magnet enclosure can be rotated by 45 degrees, resulting in a secondorientation 354 in which the sides of the square shape of the magnetenclosure are arranged in parallel with the segments of the cross shapeof the upper end plate 308. The orientation of the lower magnetenclosure with respect to the lower end plate 310 is substantially thesame as that of the upper magnet enclosure. It is contemplated that themagnet enclosure may assume any one of a variety of shapes andorientations. The shapes and orientations presented in FIG. 14, and thiscorresponding description, are illustrative only, to facilitateexplanation.

The permanent magnet insert 334 itself can be any mass of magneticmaterial, such as the rare earth metal mentioned above. The magneticmaterial can take the form of, for example, discrete magnetic elements.These magnetic elements can take the form of arcuate elements, forexample, arranged to form a polar permanent magnet insert 334.Alternatively, these elements can take the form of bricks, orthree-dimensional rectangular, stackable elements. These bricks can bestacked within the magnet enclosure to form a magnet array that providesthe magnetic field for the magnet structure 300.

As shown in FIG. 15, the permanent magnet insert 334 provides a fieldthat is generally directed toward the pole 314. In the example where thepermanent magnet insert 334 is composed of individual magnetic bricks,each brick is arranged such that it provides a field component in thegeneral direction 344 of the pole 314, and the cumulative effect of theindividual fields is a main field directed toward the pole 314. Thefield produced by the main array 334 is suitable for use in scanningsubject tissue in the gap 326, but could be more effective if directed,or focused, toward a more distinct target area within the gap 326. Asecondary permanent magnet insert 342, for example, composed of a secondarray of magnetic bricks, is provided for the purpose of directing themain field in this manner. For example, as shown, an array of blockingbricks 342 is arranged in front of the main array 334 (with respect tothe pole 314) and outside a periphery of the pole 314. The blockingbricks 342 are arranged in an array such that each blocking brickcontributes a field component in a direction 346 pointing away from theperiphery of the pole 314 and toward a specific area of the pole 314.Thus, the top blocking bricks 342 have the effect of directing the mainfield toward a specific location in the gap. The quantities andlocations of the blocking bricks 342 can be determined such that theoverall effect of the secondary field direction 346 producedcumulatively by the individual blocking bricks directs the main fieldtoward a specific location in the gap, that is, focusing the main fieldto a desired volume within the magnet gap, effectively defining theworking magnetic field volume. Defining the working volume in thismanner makes more efficient use of the available field.

The structure of the third exemplary embodiment can be constructed suchthat the magnet gap is approximately 22 inches to approximately 24inches wide between the poles 314, 316. The magnetic material bricks 334can be, for example, 2 inches wide by two inches long by one inch thick,and can be stacked within the magnet enclosure to create an array thatis 46 inches square by six inches deep. The distance from the center ofthe gap to the bottom surface of the upper frame end, in that case, canbe approximately 26 inches.

Particular exemplary embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed in detail. These exemplary embodiments are illustrative of theinventive concept recited in the appended claims, and are not limitingof the scope or spirit of the present invention as contemplated by theinventors.

1. A magnet structure, comprising: a frame, including first and secondopposing frame ends and a plurality of spacers separating the first andsecond frame ends; a first permanent magnet assembly, attached to thefirst frame end, including a first magnet enclosure, a first permanentmagnet insert, and a first pole, having a first pole face and disposedon an end of the first magnet enclosure; and a second permanent magnetassembly, attached to the second frame end, including a second magnetenclosure, a second permanent magnet insert, and a second pole, having asecond pole face and disposed on an end of the second magnet enclosure;wherein each of the first and second magnet enclosures includes aretainer, and a support attaching the retainer to the respective frameend, such that the respective permanent magnet insert is held between afirst side of the retainer and the respective frame end, and therespective pole is connected to a second side of the retainer.
 2. Themagnet structure of claim 1, wherein the first and second frame ends aremade substantially of iron.
 3. The magnet structure of claim 1, whereineach said retainer is made substantially of iron.
 4. The magnetstructure of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second frame ends isshaped substantially like a cross.
 5. The magnet structure of claim 1,wherein the first and second magnet enclosures each include an open end,a closed end, and a sidewall, defining an inside space in which therespective permanent magnet insert is disposed, and wherein the firstand second magnet enclosures are each attached to the respective frameend such that the open end is in direct communication with therespective frame end, and the respective pole is attached to the closedend.
 6. The magnet structure of claim 1, wherein the first and secondpermanent magnet inserts each include discrete magnetic elements.
 7. Themagnet structure of claim 6, wherein the discrete magnetic elements aremade of magnetic material selected from group consisting of rare earthmetals.
 8. The magnet structure of claim 6, wherein the discretemagnetic elements have geometries that allow a magnetic field directionfor each said discrete magnetic element to be selected based on aphysical orientation of the discrete magnetic elements.
 9. The magnetstructure of claim 8, wherein the discrete magnetic elements arearranged so that a cumulative effect of individual field directions ofthe discrete magnetic elements is a magnetic field directed toward therespective pole face.
 10. The magnet structure of claim 8, wherein thediscrete magnetic elements include a first group of discrete magneticelements arranged to have a magnetic field directed generally toward therespective pole face, and a second group of discrete magnetic elementsfocusing the magnetic field toward a particular area on the respectivepole face.
 11. The magnet structure of claim 10, wherein the particulararea on the respective pole face is the center of the pole face.
 12. Themagnet structure of claim 10, wherein the second group of discretemagnetic elements is disposed between the first group of discretemagnetic elements and the respective pole face and outside an outerperiphery of the respective pole face, and wherein the second group ofdiscrete magnetic elements produces a magnetic field that has adirection substantially parallel to the pole face.
 13. The magnetstructure of claim 1, wherein the first and second permanent magnetinserts each include bricks made of magnetic material.
 14. The magnetstructure of claim 13, wherein the bricks are made of magnetic materialselected from group consisting of rare earth metals.
 15. The magnetstructure of claim 13, wherein the bricks have geometries that allow amagnetic field direction for each said brick to be selected by physicalarrangement of the brick.
 16. The magnet structure of claim 15, whereinthe bricks are arranged so that a cumulative effect of individual fielddirections of the bricks is a magnetic field directed toward therespective pole face.
 17. The magnet structure of claim 15, wherein thebricks include a first group of bricks arranged to have a magnetic fielddirected generally toward the respective pole face, and a second groupof bricks focusing the magnetic field toward a particular area on therespective pole face.
 18. The magnet structure of claim 17, wherein theparticular area on the respective pole face is an area including thecenter of the pole face.
 19. The magnet structure of claim 17, whereinthe second group of bricks is disposed between the first group of bricksand the respective pole face and outside an outer periphery of therespective pole face, and wherein the second group of bricks produces amagnetic field that has a direction substantially parallel to the poleface.
 20. The magnet structure of claim 3, wherein each said retainer isa flux transmission interface between the respective permanent magnetinsert and the respective pole.
 21. The magnet structure of claim 13,wherein dimensions of each said brick are approximately 2 inches by 2inches by 1 inch.
 22. The magnet structure of claim 13, wherein eachsaid permanent magnet insert is an array of said bricks havingdimensions of 46 inches by 46 inches by 6 inches.
 23. The magnetstructure of claim 1, wherein a distance between outside edges of thefirst and second frame ends is about 52 inches.
 24. The magnet structureof claim 1, wherein a distance between the first and second pole facesis between about 22 inches and about 24 inches.
 25. The magnet structureof claim 10, wherein the first and second groups of discrete magneticelements together define a magnetic field volume.